North West England

North West England

North West region shown within England
Geography
Status	Region
Area — Total	Ranked 6th 14,165 km² 5,469 sq mi
NUTS 1	UKD
Demographics
Population — Total — Density	Ranked 3rd 6,853,200 (2006) 475/km²
GDP per capita	£17,433 (6th)
Government
HQ	Manchester
Leadership	North West Regional Leaders Board
Regional development	Northwest
European parliament	North West England
Website

North West England is one of the nine official regions of England. It has a population of 6,853,200^[1] and comprises five ceremonial counties of England – Cumbria, Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Merseyside, and Cheshire.

North West England is bounded on the west by the Irish Sea and on the east by The Pennines mountain range. The region extends from the Scottish Borders in the north to the Welsh Mountains in the south. The highest point in North West England (and the highest peak in England) is Scafell Pike, Cumbria, at a height of 3,209 feet (978 m).

Two large conurbations, centred on the cities of Liverpool and Manchester, occupy the south of the region and are its largest centres of population. The north of the region, including northern Lancashire and Cumbria, is largely rural.

Contents 1 Local government 2 Demographics 2.1 Population, density and settlements 2.2 Ethnicity 2.3 Place of birth 2.4 Religion 2.5 Teenage pregnancy 2.6 Language and dialect 3 Cities and towns 3.1 Metropolitan areas 4 Elected regional assembly 5 European Parliament 6 History 7 Transport 7.1 Transport policy 7.2 Road 7.2.1 Regionwide 7.2.2 Greater Manchester and Merseyside 7.2.3 Cumbria 7.2.4 Lancashire 7.2.5 Cheshire 7.3 Air 7.4 Rail 7.5 Sea 8 Economy 8.1 Cheshire 8.2 Lancashire 8.3 Greater Manchester 8.4 Merseyside 8.5 Cumbria 9 Education 9.1 Secondary Education 9.2 Colleges 9.3 Universities 10 Local media 11 Town and City Twinnings 12 Football 12.1 Premier League teams 12.2 Championship teams 12.3 League One teams 12.4 League Two teams 13 Rugby League 14 Weather 15 See also 16 References 17 External links

Local government

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The official region consists of the following subdivisions:

Ceremonial county	County/Unitary	Districts
Cheshire	Cheshire East U.A.
	Cheshire West and Chester U.A.
	Halton U.A.
	Warrington U.A.
Cumbria †		Barrow-in-Furness, South Lakeland, Copeland, Allerdale, Eden, Carlisle
Greater Manchester *		Bolton, Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan
Lancashire	Lancashire †	West Lancashire, Chorley, South Ribble, Fylde, Preston, Wyre, Lancaster, Ribble Valley, Pendle, Burnley, Rossendale, Hyndburn
	Blackpool U.A.
	Blackburn with Darwen U.A.
Merseyside *		Knowsley, Liverpool, St. Helens, Sefton, Wirral

Key: shire county = † | metropolitan county = *

After abolition of the Greater Manchester and Merseyside County Councils in 1986, power was transferred to the Metropolitan Boroughs, effectively making them Unitary Authorities.

Demographics

Population, density and settlements

Region/County	Population	Population Density	Largest town/city	Largest urban area
North West England	6,853,200	475/km²	Manchester (458,100)	Greater Manchester Urban Area (2,240,230)
Greater Manchester	2,553,800	1,997/km²	Manchester (458,100)	Greater Manchester Urban Area (2,240,230)
Lancashire	1,449,600	468/km²	Preston (184,836 )	Preston/Chorley/Leyland urban Area (335,000)
Merseyside	1,353,600	2,118/km²	Liverpool (436,100)	Liverpool Urban Area (816,000)
Cheshire	1,003,600	424/km²	Chester (77,040)	Warrington (194,700)
Cumbria	496,200	73/km²	Carlisle (71,773)	City of Carlisle (105,200)

North West England's population accounts for just over 13% of England's overall population. 37.86% of the North West's population resides in Greater Manchester, 21.39% in Lancashire, 20.30% in Merseyside, 14.76% in Cheshire and 7.41% live in the largest county geographically, Cumbria.

Ethnicity

This data is based on 2007 estimates.^[2]

92.1% (6,324,600) of people in the region belong to any 'White' background. 89.4% (6,137,800) of the overall regional population is White British, 1.0% (69,800) White Irish and 1.7% (117,000) White Other.

The Mixed Race population makes up 1.2% (85,400) of the region's population. There are 304,200 South Asians in the region, making up 4.4% of the population, and 1.1% Blacks (75,200). 0.7% of the population (46,200) is Chinese and 0.4% (28,700) of people classified themselves as 'Other' in the census.^[3]

North West England is a very diverse region, and cities such as Manchester and Liverpool are amongst the most diverse in Europe. 19.4% of Blackburn with Darwen's population are Muslim, the third highest among all local authorities in the United Kingdom and the highest outside London and a significant South Asian population of over 20%. Areas such as Moss Side in Greater Manchester are home to over a 30% Black British population. Even isolated towns such as Barrow-in-Furness (considered to be at the end of England's largest cul-de-sac) have significant and ever increasing ethnic minority populations, the town now has higher proportions of people belonging to the 'Other' ethnic group than the UK average which can only be said for a few North West towns. The town of St. Helens within Merseyside unusually for a city-area has the lowest percentage of ethnic minorities in the whole of England. The City of Liverpool is now over 800 years old, and is one of the few places in Britain where ethnic minority populations can be traced back over dozens of generations, being one of the closest English cities to Ireland it is home to a significant Irish population, and links to the British Slave Trade resulted in the city being home to one of the first ever Afro-Caribbean communities in the UK.

Summarised

• There are around 400,000 people living in the North West of any Asian ethnicity (5.8% of regions population), England average is around 9%
• Around 125,000 people from the North West are of full or partial Sub-African and/or Caribbean descent (1.8% of regions population), England average is around 4%
• The single largest non-white ethnic group in the North West are Pakistanis, numbering at least 143,900

Place of birth

Please note that the list below is not how many people belong to each ethnic group (i.e. there are over 25,000 ethnic Italians in Manchester alone,^[4] whilst only 6,000 Italian born people live in the North West), please note also that due to recent immigration to the UK, the numbers below are likely to be substantially lower than the current populations, and countries such as Poland would most certainly make the top 5. The fifteen most common countries of birth in 2001 for North West citizens were as follows (also note that the five most common foreign places of birth, as estimated in 2008 are stated in brackets):^[5][6]

• England - 6,169,753
• Scotland - 109,163
• Wales - 73,850
• Ireland - 56,887 (51,000 in 2008)
• Pakistan - 46,529 (58,000 in 2008)
• Northern Ireland - 34,879
• India - 34,600 (48,000 in 2008)
• Germany - 19,931 (25,000 in 2008)
• China and Hong Kong - 15,491
• Bangladesh - 13,746
• South Africa - 7,740
• United States - 7,037
• Jamaica - 6,661
• Italy - 6,325
• Australia - 5,880

• Poland - (37,000 in 2008)

Religion

The table below is based in the 2001 UK Census.

Region	Christian	Muslim	Hindu	Sikh	Jewish	Buddhist	Other	No Religion/ Not Stated
North West England	78.0%	3.0%	0.4%	0.1%	0.4%	0.2%	0.2%	17.7%
United Kingdom	71.6%	2.7%	1.0%	0.6%	0.5%	0.3%	0.3%	23.2%

Teenage pregnancy

For top-tier authorities, Manchester has the highest teenage pregnancy rate in the region. For council districts, Burnley has the highest rate, closely followed by Hyndburn, both in Lancashire. For top-tier authorities, Cheshire has the lowest teenage pregnancy rate. For council districts, Eden has the lowest rate closely followed by South Lakeland, both in Cumbria.

Language and dialect

Up until the 12th Century, Cumbric (a Celtic language), was spoken throughout Northwest England. This language was gradually replaced by Old/Middle English, but the language still survives in various placenames throughout the North West, and reconstructions of the language are being attempted. In modern times, English is the most spoken language in the North West, with a large percentage of the population being fluent in it, and close to 100% being conversational in it. To the north-east of the region, within the historic boundaries of Cumberland, the Cumbrian dialect is dominant. The historical county of Lancashire covered a vast amount of land, and the Lancashire dialect and accent is still predominant throughout the county, and stretches as far north as Furness in South Cumbria to parts of north Greater Manchester in the south of the region. The region boasts some of the most distinctive accents in the Scouse accent which originates from the Merseyside area and the Manc accent deriving from the central Manchester district. The region's accents are among those referred to as 'Northern English'.

Large immigrant populations in the North West result in the presence of significant immigrant languages. South Asian languages such as Urdu, Hindi and Punjabi are considerably widespread, with the largest amount of speakers resideing in Preston, Blackburn and Manchester. The Chinese once made up the largest minority in the region (due to Liverpool having one of the oldest if not the oldest Chinese settlement in Europe), and still do to the far north where Chinese is spoken by small but significant communities. Since the expansion of the EU over 1 million Poles have immigrated to the UK, with a large amount settling in the North West, places such as Crewe alongside the larger cities make Polish written information available for the public, to much controversy. Other immigrant languages with a presence in the North West are Spanish, mainly amongst the Latin American communities in Barrow-in-Furness, Lancaster, Liverpool and Manchester, as well as various other Eastern European and Asian languages.

The most taught languages in schools across the North West are English, French and German. Spanish and Italian are available at older levels, and in cities such as Manchester and Liverpool, even Urdu and Mandarin are being taught to help maintain links between the local minority populations.

Cities and towns

• GM = Greater Manchester, ME = Merseyside, CU = Cumbria, LA = Lancashire, CH = Cheshire

Population > 400,000 Manchester, GM Liverpool, ME Population > 100,000 Warrington, CH Blackpool, LA Bolton, GM Stockport, GM Preston, LA Blackburn, LA Oldham, GM St Helens, ME Rochdale, GM Southport, ME Population > 70,000 Birkenhead, ME Wigan, GM Chester, CH Burnley, LA Salford, GM Carlisle, CU Population > 50,000 Barrow-in-Furness, CU Crewe, CH Wythenshawe, GM Ellesmere Port, CH Runcorn, CH Bury, GM Bootle, ME Wallasey, ME Huyton, ME Widnes, CH Sale, GM Macclesfield, CH

Population > 30,000 Lancaster, LA Middleton, GM Morecambe, LA Stretford, GM Ashton-under-Lyne, GM Leigh, GM Swinton, GM Lytham St Annes, LA Urmston, GM Walkden, GM Altrincham, GM Leyland, LA Skelmersdale, LA Eccles, GM Accrington, LA Darwen, LA Denton, GM Radcliffe, GM Tyldesley, GM Chorley, LA Chadderton, GM Prestwich, GM Hyde, GM Thornton-Cleveleys, LA Wilmslow, CH Reddish, GM

Population > 20,000 Northwich, CH Winsford, CH Nelson, LA Maghull, ME Ashton-in-Makerfield, GM Heywood, GM Fleetwood, LA Kendal, CU Whitehaven, CU Farnworth, GM South Turton, GM Workington, CU Formby, ME Saddleworth, GM Marple, GM Hindley, GM Ormskirk, LA Whitefield, GM Droylsden, GM Golborne, GM Westhoughton, GM Congleton, CH Stalybridge, GM Clitheroe, LA Rawtenstall, LA Shaw and Crompton, GM Penwortham, LA Royton, GM Failsworth, GM Colne, LA Maghull, ME

Metropolitan areas

• See also List of North West England cities and metropolitan areas by population

The five largest urban in the North West are as follows:

• Greater Manchester - population 2,560,230
• Merseyside - 1,365,900
• Central Lancashire - 335,000
• Wigan Urban Area - 166,840 (whilst Wigan is in Greater Manchester, the western half of the borough forms part of its own urban area, whilst from Hindley eastwards, it is included in the Greater Manchester Urban Area)
• Macclesfield Urban Area - 150,500
• The Manchester - Liverpool Megapolis which is a more or less constant corridor of population is home to 4,209,132 people

Elected regional assembly

It is one of the two regions (along with Yorkshire and the Humber) that were expected to hold a referendum on the establishment of an elected regional assembly. However, when the North East region of England rejected having an elected regional assembly in a referendum, further referendums where cancelled and the proposals for elected regional assemblies in England put on hold. The regional leaders forum, 4NW, an unelected quango, is based on Waterside Drive in Wigan.

European Parliament

The North West England European Parliament constituency has the same boundaries as the Region.

History

Ten English regions were established by the government in 1994. At that time, Merseyside, which already had its own Government Office, formerly the Merseyside Task Force, was regarded as a separate region. In 1998, Merseyside was merged into the North West region. This action was controversial in some quarters.

Transport

Transport policy

As part of the national transport planning system, the Regional Assembly is required to produce a Regional Transport Strategy (RTS) to provide long term planning for transport in the region. This involves region wide transport schemes such as those carried out by the Highways Agency and Network Rail.^[7] Within the region the local transport authorities plan for the future by producing Local Transport Plans (LTP) which outline their strategies, policies and implementation programmes.^[8] The most recent LTP is that for the period 2006-11. In the North West region the following transport authorities have published their LTP online: Blackburn with Darwen U.A,^[9] Blackpool U.A.,^[10] Cheshire,^[11] Cumbria,^[12] Greater Manchester,^[13] Halton U.A.,^[12] Lancashire,^[14] Merseyside^[15] and Warrington U.A..^[16] Since 1 April 2009, when the county of Cheshire was split into two unitary councils^[17] the Cheshire transport authority ceased to exist, however it is the most recent LTP for the area.

Road

Regionwide

Regionwide the principal road link is the M6, this runs all the way from Carlisle and Scotland in the north to Warrington in the south, connecting such towns and cities as Penrith, Kendal, Lancaster, Preston, Liverpool and Manchester. The M6 intersects many of the North West's motorways and A-roads, and carries almost 120,000 vehicles per day (41,975,000 per year).^[18]

Greater Manchester and Merseyside

The Greater Manchester and Merseyside areas are home to almost 4 million people, and over half the region's population. The road networks intertwining these metropolitan areas are extremely important to the economy and are largely motorway, including the M62 which crosses the entire country (east to west – Hull to Liverpool), this motorway directly connects the cities of Manchester and Liverpool. The M62 sees 78,000 vehicles using the motorway in the North West per day.^[19] The Merseyside-Manchester region has many motorways, that serve many millions on a daily basis, other include the M61 which connects Manchester to Preston, the M56 which runs south of Manchester to Cheshire and Wales, The M57 and M58 motorways run north of Liverpool, and connect towns such as St Helens and Wigan. The M60 is Manchester's ring road, the M67 and M66 motorways run east and north respectively, both of these motorways are under 10 miles (16 km) and link Manchester to smaller outlying settlements. On top of this there are countless numbers of A-roads, B-roads and minor roads which circle, entwine and serve these two major metropolises. For more information, see: Transport in Manchester.

Cumbria

In Cumbria the M6 runs all the way down the east of the county connecting the very north of England to the Lancashire border. The A590 links Barrow-in-Furness to Kendal with around 14,000 vehicles per day.^[20] The A595 runs all the way along the West Cumbrian coast beginning near Barrow and ending in Carlisle, linking towns such as Whitehaven and Workington. The A591 road runs from Kendal to the centre of the county connecting Lake District settlements like Windermere, Ambleside and Keswick. Other important A-roads include the A5092, A66, A596 and formerly the A74, until this was upgraded to motorway standard as an extension of the M6 between 2006 and 2008 to meet the A74(M) at the Scottish border.

Lancashire

The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 which also runs from north to south (Lancaster to Chorley). Other motorways in the region include the fairly short M55 which connects the city of Preston and the town of Blackpool at 11.5 miles (18.3 km) in length. The M65 motorway runs from east to west starting in the town of Colne, running through Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn and terminating in Preston. Lancashire is home to many A-roads. The Lancaster-Morecambe area is served by the A683, A6 and A589 roads, the Blackpool-Fylde-Fleetwood area is home to the A587, A584, A583 and A585 roads. The city of Preston and its surroundings are served by the A6, A59, A585, A584, A583, A582 and to the very south-east, the M61 motorway. To the east of the county are the A59, A6119, A677, A679, A666, A680, A56, A646 and A682.

Cheshire

In Cheshire there are four motorways the M6, the M56 (linking Chester to the east), the M53 (linking Chester to Birkenhead) and the M62, which runs just along the county's northern border with Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The Cheshire road system is made up of 3417 miles (5500 km) of highway, and the principal one (M6) carries 140,000^[21] vehicles in the county daily, linking the North West to the West Midlands. The county town of Chester is served by the A55, A483 and A494 roads which lead to all directions of the UK including Wales, which part of the city lies in. To the west of the M6, Crewe, Northwich and Sandbach are served by the A54, A51, A49, A533 and A530 roads, these all eventually link up connecting the towns to the larger cities, including Stoke-on-Trent to the south. To the east of the M6 in Cheshire lies the Peak District, and towns such as Macclesfield and Congleton which are served by the A6, A537, A536, A34, A523 and A566 roads.

Air

The primary international airport in the region is Manchester Airport, which served 22.1 million passengers in 2007 (18.7 million of which were international),^[22] more than some of the world's major aviation hubs, including Los Angeles International Airport. The airport is home to three terminals (plus the World Freight Terminal), which serve destinations worldwide. The largest airlines at the airport in terms of flights in 2007 were Flybe, BMI, British Airways, Jet2.com and Lufthansa, although several long-haul carriers such as American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Virgin Atlantic, Singapore Airlines and Emirates also operate from the airport.

In 2007 Manchester had a recorded 222,703 aircraft movements,^[22] the airport is also a hub for major holiday airlines such as Thomas Cook Airlines, Monarch Airlines, First Choice Airways and Thomson Airways.

The regions second largest, but fastest growing airport is Liverpool John Lennon Airport, where passenger numbers have increased from around 690,000 in 1997 to nearly 5.5 million in 2007.^[22] The airport serves destinations primarily in the UK and Europe and is a major hub for EasyJet and Ryanair.

The only other significant passenger airport in the region is Blackpool Airport, which was refurbished in 2006 and handles around half a million passengers annually. Destinations range from the Canary Islands in Spain to the Republic of Ireland.

Cheshire

• Hawarden Airport – Operated by Airbus UK, public and company use

Cumbria

• Barrow/Walney Island Airfield – Operated by BAE Systems Marine Ltd - Submarines, private use
• Carlisle Airport – Operated by Stobart Air Ltd, public use

Greater Manchester

• City Airport Manchester – Operated by City Airport Manchester Ltd, public use
• Manchester Airport – Major international airport operated by Manchester Airport Group, destinations worldwide
• Woodford Aerodrome – Operated by BAE Systems Regional Aircraft, private use

Lancashire

• Blackpool International Airport – Operated by Balfour Beatty, public use to UK and European destinations
• Warton Aerodrome – Operated by BAE Systems, private use

Merseyside

• Liverpool John Lennon Airport – International airport operated by Liverpool Airport plc, destinations worldwide
• RAF Woodvale – Operated by the Royal Air Force, military use
• Southport Birkdale Sands airstrip – Sand runway located on Southport beach (infrequent use, subject to prior permission)

Rail

The main connection by train is the West Coast Main Line (Virgin Trains), connecting most of the North West. Other important lines are the Liverpool to Manchester Lines and the North TransPennine which connects Liverpool to Manchester through Warrington. East-west connections in Lancashire are carried via the Caldervale Line to Blackpool.

Sea

Sea ferries depart from Liverpool (Gladstone Dock) to Dublin (P&O Irish Sea) and to Douglas on the Isle of Man (Isle of Man Steam Packet); Birkenhead (Twelve Quays Terminal) to Belfast and Dublin (Norfolkline Irish Sea Ferries – former Norse Merchant Ferries); Fleetwood to Larne (Stena Line) in Northern Ireland; and Heysham to Douglas (Isle of Man Steam Packet).

Economy

The North West is historically linked with the textiles industry, mainly before the mid 20th century. The area's electricity, formerly looked after by MANWEB and NORWEB, is now looked after by ScottishPower Energy Networks and United Utilities respectively.

According to research by Cushman and Wakefield in 2008, Manchester is the second best city to locate a business in the UK whilst Liverpool is the eleventh best city.^[23]

Cheshire

Cheshire is linked with the salt industry. Ineos (the site was previously owned by ICI Chemicals) has a large plant in Runcorn. AstraZeneca is in Macclesfield. BNFL and its subsidiary Sellafield Ltd (former British Nuclear Group), and ABB UK are based in Daresbury near Runcorn, although most of BNG's operations take place at Sellafield in Cumbria. Vauxhall, home of the Astra, on a former airfield next to the M53, and Shell are in Ellesmere Port. Lex Vehicle Leasing, the UK's largest vehicle leasing company is in Chester. Quinn Glass UK is at Elton. Sandbach used to be home of ERF and Fodens trucks. Brunner Mond has a large works in Winnington, just west of Northwich. British Salt is in Middlewich; Bisto used to be made there, but production moved to Worksop (Nottinghamshire) in 2008. Henkel UK (maker of Pritt and Sellotape) is in Winsford, home of the UK's largest salt mine at Meadowbank run by Salt Union, who are owned by Compass Minerals. Focus, Mornflake and Bentley Motors are in Crewe. Betfred and United Utilities are based in Warrington, and Unilever makes Persil and Surf next to the Bank Quay train station. Bensons for Beds is based nearby to the north in Burtonwood and Westbrook next to the M62 and Burtonwood services. Diageo bottles Guinness at Preston Brook, next to the M56. Konftel UK is at Thelwall. Pets at Home is at Handforth near Wilmslow.

Lancashire

The main private employer in Lancashire is BAE Systems Military Air Solutions who have two sites either side of Preston (Warton and Samlesbury) for the manufacture of military aircraft. Silentnight is in Barnoldswick. Crown Paints is in Darwen. The boiler firm BAXI originates from Preston also, and InBev have a brewery nearby in Samlesbury (former Whitbread). Leyland Trucks manufactures several highly popular truck ranges from Leyland, home of Enterprise Plc. Whilst other brands originating from Lancashire include: TVR, Reebok, Jaguar Cars and Warburtons to name a few. Nationwide fashion retailer Matalan has its head office and main distribution centre in Skelmersdale, which is where Walker's make Monster Munch at West Pimbo. B & M Retail is in Blackpool, as is the Federation of Small Businesses (FSB), Premium Bonds and National Savings and Investments. Victrex make PEEK (a thermoplastic) just north of Blackpool at Cleveleys.

Greater Manchester

Kelloggs is in Trafford Park (Manchester), and nearby the Brooke Bond division of Unilever make PG Tips, and TDG plc is on the industrial estate. Robertson's (now owned by Premier Foods since it was bought from Rank Hovis McDougall) moved their marmalade (Golden Shred) and jam processing from Droylsden to Histon and Impington (Cambridgeshire) in October 2008. Makro is in Eccles. JJB Sports is in Wigan. JD Sports is in Bury as is Birthdays. Scottish & Newcastle have their large Royal Brewery in Manchester. The Co-op is based in Manchester and Rochdale as is Zen Internet. Heinz, although based in Hayes in Middlesex, has the largest food processing complex in Europe at a 55 acre site at Kitt Green in Wigan, which produces 1.4 billion cans of food each year. Also in Wigan are The Tote, Shearings Holidays and Girobank, and R&R Ice Cream (former Richmond Foods) make De Roma ice cream. Sock Shop is in Bolton, and MBDA (former BAe Dynamics) makes missiles in Lostock near junction 6 of the M61. BAE Systems build aircraft in Chadderton and Woodford in Manchester, and Warton and Samlesbury near Preston. PZ Cussons, MAN B&W Diesel, the Institute of Advanced Motorists, National Tyre Service, Umbro and the internet bank Smile are in Stockport. Adidas UK is in Hazel Grove. BASF UK is in Cheadle Hulme next to the A34. Russell Hobbs is in Failsworth. Inventive Leisure, who own the Revolution pub chain, are in Ashton-under-Lyne. Timpson is in Wythenshawe; Sharwood's used to make their sauces there until Premier Foods moved production to Bury St Edmunds in 2008. Nearby in Moss Nook is Franke UK, the world's largest manufacturer of domestic sinks. Sarson's make vinegar in Middleton. Cotton Traders are in Altrincham, and Dulux Decorator Centres is in West Timperley. McVitie's make their Jaffa Cakes, Penguins and chocolate digestives at a factory in South Manchester.^[24]

Merseyside

Pilkington is in St Helens. Littlewoods are in Garston, who are owned by the Shop Direct Group in Speke. Princes, Johnsons Cleaners UK, Maersk Line UK, the Beetham Organization, Home Bargains, the Royal Liver Assurance and T J Hughes have their headquarters in Liverpool. Towards Aintree, Jacob's and their crackers are historically based, and also make Twiglets at their site at Hartley's Village in Fazakerley, and nearby is Sportech PLC, owner of the football pools. Dairy Crest makes Vitalite and Utterly Butterly in Kirkby. Ethel Austin is in Knowsley, near junction 4 of the M57.

Jaguar Land Rover has a main production site (formerly owned by Ford) in Halewood. Halewood International, who make Lambrini, Red Square, Lamb's Navy Rum and some alcopops, are in Whitefield Lane End, in the south of Huyton at the M62/M57 junction. Belling Ltd (owned by Glen Dimplex) is in Whiston, next to the large Whiston Hospital. Pontins is in Ainsdale, Sefton. Ty·phoo tea is made in Moreton, and there is a factory of Burton's Foods who make Cadbury's cakes. Cereal Partners (Nestlé) make Cheerios and Golden Nuggets at Bromborough. At Port Sunlight, Unilever make and research detergents and shampoo, such as Timotei and Sunsilk.

Cumbria

Royal Navy submarines and ships are made by BAE Systems Submarine Solutions in Barrow-in-Furness. The Lake District is popular with holiday makers. The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority is near Whitehaven.

Education

Secondary Education

Secondary schools are mostly comprehensive, except Trafford retains a wholly selective school system, and there are some other grammar schools in Lancashire, Wirral, Liverpool and Cumbria. At GCSE, the lowest performing area by far is Knowsley, consistently the worst performing LEA in England. No schools in this LEA get above average GCSE results. Blackpool and Manchester get the region's next lowest results. Sefton performs much better than its neighbour, Liverpool. Wirral is the best performing area in Greater Merseyside, closely followed by Sefton. In Greater Manchester, Manchester performs the worst, closely followed by Salford. The best performing area in Greater Manchester is Trafford (one of the best in England), followed by Bury then Stockport. Trafford has the best results in the North-West followed by Bury then Warrington; in order of results, Cheshire East, Stockport, Wirral, Lancashire, Sefton, Cheshire West and Chester also perform higher than the England average.

Liverpool produces the most school children who pass no GCSEs, followed closely by Knowsley. Trafford has the lowest.

At A level, Trafford performs the best and, again like its results at GCSE, is one of the best areas in England. The lowest performing area is, again, Knowsley but followed by Rochdale. Knowsley has some dreadful results at A-level. Areas also performing above the England average, in order of results, are Lancashire, Wigan, Bury, Blackpool, Cheshire West and Chester, Warrington, Stockport, Wirral, Cumbria, St Helens, Cheshire East, and Tameside. Blackpool performs not particularly well at GCSE, yet produces much better results at A level – even better than Cheshire.

Top thirty state schools in the North West (2009 A level results)

• 1. Lancaster Girls' Grammar School (1169)
• 2. Altrincham Grammar School for Girls
• 3. Cardinal Newman College, Preston
• 4. Liverpool Blue Coat School
• 5. Wirral Grammar School for Girls
• 6. Winstanley College, Wigan
• 7. Altrincham Grammar School For Boys
• 8. Lancaster Royal Grammar School
• 9. Bacup and Rawtenstall Grammar School
• 10. Clitheroe Royal Grammar School
• 11. Sale Grammar School
• 12. West Kirby Grammar School
• 13. Holy Cross College, Bury
• 14. Calday Grange Grammar School, West Kirby
• 15. The Belvedere Academy, Liverpool
• 16. The Nelson Thomlinson School, Wigton
• 17. Urmston Grammar School
• 18. Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Penrith
• 19. Upton Hall School FCJ
• 20. The Blue Coat School, Oldham
• 21. Audenshaw School
• 22. St. Ambrose College, Altrincham
• 23. Sir John Deane's College, Northwich
• 24. Wirral Grammar School for Boys
• 25. Stretford Grammar School
• 26. Carmel College (St Helens)
• 27. All Hallows Catholic College, Macclesfield
• 28. Canon Slade School, Bolton
• 29. Crompton House C of E School, Oldham
• 30. Sandbach High School & Sixth Form College (910)

^[25]

The areas that have school children most likely to attend university are Trafford and Cheshire, followed by Wirral, Sefton, Stockport and Bury. Four of these areas are or were part of Cheshire - the most traditionally middle-class part of the North West.

Colleges

• Aquinas College, Stockport
• Barrow-in-Furness Sixth Form College, Barrow-in-Furness
• Blackburn College, Blackburn
• Blackpool and The Fylde College, Blackpool
• Blackpool Sixth Form College, Blackpool
• Bolton College, Bolton
• Bolton Sixth Form College, Bolton
• Burnley College, Burnley
• Bury College, Bury
• Carmel College, St Helens
• Cheadle and Marple Sixth Form College, Cheadle
• Furness College, Barrow-in-Furness
• Holy Cross College (UK), Bury
• Hopwood Hall College, Rochdale
• Hugh Baird College, Bootle
• Kendal College, Kendal
• King George V College, Southport
• Lancaster and Morecambe College, Lancaster
• Liverpool Community College, Liverpool
• Loreto College, Manchester
• Macclesfield College, Macclesfield
• The Manchester College, Manchester
• Mid Cheshire College, Northwich
• The Oldham College, Oldham
• Oldham Sixth Form College, Oldham
• Preston College, Preston
• Priestley College, Warrington
• Rainford College, St Helens
• Runshaw College, Leyland
• Salford City College, Salford
• South Cheshire College, Crewe
• Southport College, Southport
• Sir John Deane's College, Macclesfield
• Stockport College, Stockport
• St John Rigby College, Wigan
• St. Mary's 6th form College, Blackburn
• St. Wilfrids C of E Sixth Form College, Blackburn
• Thomas Whitham Sixth Form, Burnley
• Trafford College, Trafford
• West Cheshire College Ellesmere Port
• Wigan and Leigh College, Wigan
• Winstanley College, Wigan
• Xaverian College, Manchester

The two main higher education colleges in the region are Blackburn College and Blackpool and The Fylde College. There are forty three FE colleges.

Universities

There are many universities sited across the region, with the majority belonging to the south around Liverpool and Manchester, every university in the North West is listed below:

• University of Manchester, Manchester - The largest single-site University in the UK with 36,907 students
• Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester - Also one of the country's largest universities with 40,420 students - second largest university in the region
• UCLAN, Preston - The University of Central Lancashire in Preston, 28,850 students - third largest university in the region
• Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool - 24,085 students
• University of Liverpool, Liverpool - 20,765 students
• University of Salford, Salford - 20,185 students
• Lancaster University, Lancaster - 17,415 students
• Edge Hill University, Ormskirk - 15,645 students
• University of Chester, Chester and Warrington - 15,095 students
• University of Bolton, Bolton - 8,540 students
• Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool - 8,205 students
• University of Cumbria - The region's newest university located across Cumbria, and parts of Lancashire, and formerly known as the Cumbria Institute of the Arts

Over 60% of university students in the region are native to the region. The region with the next-highest number of students in the North-West is Yorkshire and the Humber - due to easy access via the M62 (or the train), so approximately 80% of university students in the area are from the north of England. The region's students have the highest proportion of students from so-called low-participation neighbourhoods.

Once graduated, over 65% of graduates find work in the region, with plenty of graduate vacancies, especially in Manchester.

Local media

Local media include:

• The North West region of BBC Television is based on Oxford Road in Manchester; it produces the North West Tonight regional programme. The north of Cumbria is covered by Look North in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The BBC intends to move its Sport and children's television departments and Radio Five Live to Salford Quays. Granada Television is based in Manchester, and produces many ITV well-known programmes such as Coronation Street. It has the regional Granada Reports programme. Border Television is based in Carlisle, producing the regional Lookaround programme.
• BBC Radios Manchester, Merseyside, Lancashire and Cumbria.
• Several commercial radio stations including: 105.4 Century FM (Salford), 97.4 Rock FM (Preston), Smooth Radio 100.4 (Salford), 105.4 Century FM (Salford), Radio City 96.7 (Liverpool), Galaxy Manchester, Key 103 (Castlefield), Juice FM (Liverpool), The Bay (Lancaster, Barrow-in-Furness, Morecambe and other surrounding areas), CFM Radio (Carlisle), Lakeland Radio (Kendal), 107.3 Abbey FM (Barrow-in-Furness), Xfm Manchester (Salford), 107.2 Wire FM in Warrington, The Revolution (Oldham), Imagine FM (Stockport), Proud FM (Preston), Buzz 97.1 (Birkenhead), Tower FM (Bolton), Radio Wave 96.5 (Blackpool), Wish FM (Wigan and St Helens), 2BR (Burnley and Pendle), and The Bee (Blackburn).

• Local newspapers in the region include:
  • Manchester Evening News, Manchester
  • Liverpool Echo, Liverpool
  • North-West Evening Mail, Barrow-in-Furness
  • Lancashire Evening Post, Preston
  • News and Star, Carlisle
  • Liverpool Daily Post, Liverpool
  • Blackpool Evening Gazette, Blackpool
  • Wigan Evening Post, Wigan
  • Oldham Evening Chronicle, Oldham
  • The Reporter,^[26] St Helens
  • The Star,^[27] St Helens
  • Chester Evening Leader, Chester
  • Southport Visiter, Southport
  • Lancashire Telegraph, Blackburn
  • Bury Times, Bury
  • Bolton News, Bolton
  • Westmorland Gazette, Kendal
  • See also: List of newspapers in the United Kingdom

Town and City Twinnings

Ashton-under-Lyne	Chaumont, France
Blackburn	Altena, Germany Péronne, France
Blackpool	Bottrop, Germany
Bolton	Le Mans, France Paderborn, Germany
Burnley	Vitry Sur Seine, France
Bury	Angoulême, France Datong, China Tulle, France Schorndorf, Germany Woodbury, New Jersey, USA
Carlisle	Flensburg, Germany Słupsk, Poland
Carnforth	Sailly-sur-la-Lys, France
Chadderton	Geesthacht, Germany
Chester	Sens, France
Chorley	Székesfehérvár, Hungary
Dalton-in-Furness	Dalton, Pennsylvania, USA
Denton	Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
Droylsden	Villemomble, France
Dukinfield	Champagnole, France
Ellesmere Port	Reutlingen, Germany
Failsworth	Landsberg am Lech, Germany
Fleetwood	Fleetwood, Pennsylvania, USA
Halton	Leiria, Portugal Marzahn-Hellersdorf, Germany Tongling, China Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
Heywood	Peine, Germany
Kendal	Killarney, Ireland Rinteln, Germany
Knowsley	Moers, Germany
Lancaster	Aalborg, Denmark Rendsburg, Germany
Liverpool	Cologne, Germany Dublin, Ireland Odessa, Ukraine Shanghai, China
Longdendale	Ruppichteroth, Germany
Manchester	Amsterdam, Netherlands Chemnitz, Germany Córdoba, Spain Faisalabad, Pakistan Los Angeles, California, USA Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua Rehovot, Israel Saint Petersburg Russia Wuhan, China
Mossley	Hem, France
Oldham	Kranj, Slovenia
Oswaldtwistle	Falkenberg, Sweden
Preston	Almelo, Netherlands Kalisz, Poland Nîmes, France Recklinghausen, Germany
Rochdale	Bielefeld, Germany Lviv, Ukraine Sahiwal, Pakistan Tourcoing, France
Salford	Clermont-Ferrand, France Lunen, Germany Narbonne, France Saint-Ouen, France
Sedbergh	Zreĉe, Slovenia
Sefton	Gdańsk, Poland Mons, Belgium Fort Lauderdale, USA
Stalybridge	Armentières, France
Stockport	Béziers, France Heilbronn, Germany
St Helens	Stuttgart, Germany Chalon-sur-Saône, France
Tameside	Bengbu, China Mutare, Zimbabwe
Ulverston	Albert, France
Warrington	Hilden, Germany Lake County, Illinois, USA Náchod, Czech Republic
Wigan	Angers, France
Workington	Selm, Germany Val-de-Reuil, France
Wrea Green	St Bris le Vineux, France

Football

Here is a list of the Premier League and Football League teams in the North West ranked on their 2009-10 league position:

Premier League teams

• 1) Manchester United (Trafford, Greater Manchester) (2nd)
• 2) Manchester City FC (Manchester, Greater Manchester) (5th)
• 3) Liverpool FC (Liverpool, Merseyside) (7th)
• 4) Everton FC (Liverpool, Merseyside) (8th)
• 5) Blackburn Rovers (Blackburn with Darwen, Lancashire) (10th)
• 6) Bolton Wanderers (Bolton, Greater Manchester) (14th)
• 7) Wigan Athletic (Wigan, Greater Manchester) (16th)
• 8) Burnley FC (Burnley, Lancashire) (18th)

Championship teams

• 9) Blackpool FC (Blackpool, Lancashire) (6th)
• 10) Preston North End (Preston, Lancashire) (17th)

League One teams

• 11) Carlisle United (Carlisle, Cumbria) (14th)
• 12) Oldham Athletic (Oldham, Greater Manchester) (16th)
• 13) Tranmere Rovers (The Wirral, Merseyside) (19th)
• 14) Stockport County (Stockport, Greater Manchester) (24th)

League Two teams

• 15) Rochdale FC (Rochdale, Greater Manchester) (3rd)
• 16) Morecambe FC (Morecambe, Lancashire) (4th)
• 17) Bury FC (Bury, Greater Manchester) (9th)
• 18) Accrington Stanley (Hyndburn, Lancashire) (15th)
• 19) Crewe Alexandra (Cheshire East, Cheshire) (18th)
• 20) Macclesfield Town (Cheshire East, Cheshire) (19th)

There are 20 Premier League and Football League teams in the North West as of the 2010-11 season with:
8 from Greater Manchester (40%)
6 from Lancashire (30%)
3 from Merseyside (154%)
2 from Cheshire (10%)
1 from Cumbria (5%)

Of all the teams in the Premier League and Football League 23% come from the North West. The next nearest region is Greater London with 10 teams (11%). The North West also has 8 teams in the Premier League, more than any other region. Greater London is the next nearest with 5 despite having a far greater population.

Teams in the North West have won 53 out of 109 English football League titles (49%), more than any other region.

Rugby League

Here is a list of the Super League and National League teams in the North West ranked on their 2009 league position:

• 1) St. Helens- Super League (2nd)
• 2) Wigan Warriors- Super League (6th)
• 3) Warrington Wolves- Super League (10th)
• 4) Salford City Reds- Super League (13th)
• 5) Barrow Raiders- Co-operative Championship (1st)
• 6) Widnes Vikings- Co-operative Championship (4th)
• 7) Whitehaven- Co-operative Championship (5th)
• 8) Leigh Centurions- Co-operative Championship (9th)
• 9) Oldham Roughyeds- Co-operative Championship 1 (4th)
• 10) Blackpool Panthers- Co-operative Championship 1 (5th)
• 11) Swinton Lions- Co-operative Championship 1 (7th)
• 12) Rochdale Hornets- Co-operative Championship 1 (8th)
• 13) Workington Town- Co-operative Championship 1 (9th)

Weather

The North West is generally referred to as having the most average weather in the UK. There has never been records broken in the north west with temperatures generally close to average. Cumbria usually experiences the most severe or extreme weather, with precipitation amounts being very high and strong floods occurring during Summer rainfall. In winter, the most severe weather occurs in the east in Greater Manchester and East Lancashire, over the Pennine areas, where snowfall is the most severe weather here. The A635 A road was closed for just under a month in January 2010 due to high amounts of snowfall. Parts of Oldham and Saddleworth experienced a White Christmas in 2009, where sleet and snow fell on the 25th.

See also

• Cumbric language
• List of North West England cities and metropolitan areas by Population
• List of schools in the North West of England
• Envirolink Northwest
• Northwest Development Agency

References

External links

• Government Office for the North West
• Fact Files: North West
• Northwest Regional Development Agency
• North West Regional Assembly
• North West Coastal Resorts
• North West England Guide

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